This work presents a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the main ecophysiological processes that determine the performance of major agricultural crops in Brazil. By integrating plant physiology, climate, soil, and management practices, the book explains how factors such as radiation, temperature, water, photosynthesis, light-use efficiency, and soil–root interactions directly influence the growth and productivity of crops such as soybean, corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton, winter cereals, and vegetables. Written in a technical yet accessible language, the author offers a solid synthesis of concepts and practical applications, enabling readers to understand how agronomic decisions interact with plant physiology across different environments. It is a valuable reference for students, professionals, researchers, and all those who wish to deepen their understanding of the mechanisms that support plant production in Brazilian agricultural systems.